Physics 4 — Thermo & Fluids
The ideal gas law, heat & specific heat, Carnot’s limit, pressure with depth, buoyancy, and Bernoulli.
This is the physics of lots of things at once — molecules far too numerous to track one by one, so we measure the crowd: pressure, temperature, flow. These are the laws that engines, weather, and plumbing all obey.
- 01 The ideal gas law ELI5: P·V = n·R·T ties a gas's pressure, volume, amount, and temperature into a single rule — squeeze one and the others must respond. (One trap:…
- 02 Heat & specific heat ELI5: heat is energy in transit, and warming something costs Q = m·c·ΔT. The "c" is how stubborn a material is about changing temperature — and…
- 03 Carnot — the law nobody beats ELI5: no engine turning heat into work can beat η = 1 − T_cold/T_hot (kelvin). Not with better materials, not with any cleverness — it's a hard ceiling set…
- 04 Fluids at rest — pressure & buoyancy ELI5: in a fluid, depth is weight: the column above you presses down with P = ρ·g·h, so every ~10 m of water piles on another atmosphere. And Archimedes says…
- 05 Fluids in motion — Bernoulli ELI5: energy bookkeeping for flowing fluid: where a pipe narrows, the fluid speeds up — and to pay for that speed, its pressure drops. Fast fluid is…
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